“Most plants are sensitive to extreme changes in soil temperature,” said Samuel Haruna, a researcher at Middle Tennessee State University. “You don’t want it to change too quickly because the plants can’t cope with it.”

Many factors influence the ability of soil to buffer against temperature changes. For example, when soil is compacted the soil temperature can change quickly. That’s because soil particles transfer temperatures much faster when they are squished together. When farmers drag heavy machinery over the soil, the soil particles compact. Soil temperature is also affected by moisture: more moisture keeps soils from heating too quickly.

Research has shown that both cover crops and perennial biofuel crops can relieve soil compaction. Cover crops are generally planted between cash crops such as corn and soybeans to protect the bare soil. They shade the soil and help reduce soil water evaporation. Their roots also add organic matter to the soil and prevent soil erosion. This also keeps the soil spongy, helping it retain water.

Additionally, perennial biofuel and cover crops help the soil retain moisture. Water generally has a high ability to buffer against temperature changes. So if soil has a high water content it has a greater ability to protect the soil.

Cover crops require more work, more financial investment, and more knowledge. But they can do much for soil health such as shielding plants from extreme temperature changes.

Climate change can cause temperature fluctuations, and if not curtailed, may affect crop productivity in the future. And we need to buffer against these extreme changes within the soil.